The performance should be well above that usually expected of an individual commensurate with his grade or rate, and above that degree of excellence which can be appropriately reflected in the individuals fitness report or personnel records. The Bronze Star was authorized by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in Executive Order 9419, 1944, (made retroactive to 7 December 1941). The Medal of Honor is awarded by the President in the name of Congress to members of the naval service, who distinguish themselves conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. Wear of a V device on the medal is authorized for acts of valor in combat. [15], In 2012, two U.S. airmen were allegedly subjected to cyber-bullying after receiving Bronze Star Medals for meritorious non-combat service. bronze star medal valor cluster named In box $185.00 $12.55 shipping Original WW2 U.S. Military Bronze Star Medal Cased Set, VG $75.00 $10.40 shipping or Best Offer Original WW2 Bronze Star Medal Set With Box $149.95 Free shipping or Best Offer WWII LOT OF 25 - BRONZE STAR MEDAL RIBBON BAR BUTTONS - NEW $16.95 $3.95 shipping 13 watching document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Rob V. is the founder of OperationMilitaryKids.org. Required fields are marked *. Combat Distinguishing Device. As a reminder, the use of the "V" device on the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award and the Air Force Organizational Excellence Award is only authorized for the period of Jan. 11, 1996 to Jan. 1, 2014. Colonel Reeder initially called his idea the Ground Medal, and his proposal quickly moved up the channels until it reached President Franklin D. Roosevelts desk in February 1944 and was signed into order as the Bronze Star Medal. They may also denote additional achievements. (b) Be an important contribution of benefit to the United States and the naval service. The First Ever Military Medal: Who Created it and Why. The Air Force contended that meritorious service awards of the Bronze Star outnumber valor awards, and that it views awards on a case-by-case basis to maintain the integrity of the award. At every fifth award, the bronze and golden were replaced by a a silver oak leaf cluster or silver star. (8) As the result of maltreatment inflicted by their captors while a prisoner of war. (NOTE: The establishment of the Gallant Unit Citation and Meritorious Unit Award warranted the discontinuance of the "V" device being authorized for approved USAF unit awards). What Are the Devices of a Bronze Star Medal? [7][8] Another civilian recipient was writer Ernest Hemingway. The Bronze Star Medal with the "V" device to denote heroism is the fourth highest military decoration for valor. The Bronze Star became part of the military award catalog in 1944. The Bronze Star Medal was officially instituted by Executive Order 9419 on February 4th, 1944. of Veterans Affairs , the Dept. Want 30+ Military / Veteran Discounts to use today? Left and right can be fond a 1/32 inch (1 mm) wide white line, followed to the inside by a scarlet 9/16 inch (14 mm) broad band. Today, it is the fourth-highest ranking award a service member can receive for a heroic and meritorious deed performed in an armed conflict. No tables, rankings or lists are fully comprehensive and do not include all companies or available products. Awardees of the Bronze Star Medal are listed here alphabetically by first name. It was based on the idea of Colonel Russell P. "Red" Reeder in 1943. The V device on the award is intended to reflect a recognition of valor among this medals recipients. (7) As the indirect result of enemy action. Reeder was severely injured in Normandy and found himself medically retired from the Army. The medal may be awarded by the Secretary of a military department or the Secretary of Homeland Security with regard to the Coast Guard when not operating as a service in the Navy, or by such military commanders, or other appropriate officers as the Secretary concerned may designate, to any person who . As a result, non-U.S. troops were honored with the Bronze Star in World War 2, Korea, Vietnam, the Persian Gulf War, Iraq War, and Afghanistan. 10 Veterans Benefits You May Not Know About, Medal of Honor: Benefits, History and Facts, Veterans Employment and Training Service (VETS), Security Clearance Jobs After the Military, Unemployment Compensation for Ex-servicemembers (UCX), Military Spouse Career Advancement (MyCAA) Scholarship Program, Monthly Housing Allowance (MHA) for the GI Bill, 2023 Retired Military and Annuitant Pay Dates, 2023 Reserve and National Guard Drill Pay, Secretary of Homeland Security (Coast Guard), Military commanders or other officers the Secretary may designate, While engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States or, While engaged in military operations involving conflict with an opposing foreign force or, While serving with friendly foreign forces engaged in an armed conflict against an opposing armed force in which the United States is not a belligerent party, Leonard F. Chapman Jr. (24th Commandant of the Marine Corps), Joseph S. Clark Jr. (Mayor of Philadelphia), Erastus Corning 2nd (Mayor of Albany, New York), Robert E. Cushman Jr.(25th Commandant of the Marine Corps), Maurice R. Greenberg (CEO of American International Group (AIG)), Colin Powell (65th US Secretary of State), Elliot Richardson (11th US Secretary of Defense), Rod Serling (Writer and creator of The Twilight Zone), Raymond P. Shafer (Governor of Pennsylvania). (a) Clearly exceed that which is normally required or expected, considering the individuals grade or rate, training, and experience; and The Army awards 19 decorations in the Personal Decoration class. [21], This is not the first time that the USAF has been criticized for offering this award. Military Awards Army Regulation 600-8-22, Code of Federal Regulations Title 32 National Defense, Your email address will not be published. Neither Veteran.com nor Three Creeks Media are associated with or endorsed by the U.S. Reeder pointed to the creation of the Air Medal as proof that a boots on the ground version was needed. The Bronze Star was envisioned as the infantryman's equivalent of the Air Medal, so it is often referred to as the Ground Medal. Operation Military Kids was founded to be a resource for teens and young adults who are interested in joining the military, but don't know where to begin. Defense Distinguished Service Medal. These achievements must take place according to the following criteria: -Not during aerial flight While he never actually served in the US Military, he has a passion for writing about military related topics. Related Article 12 Most Famous US Marines. Many have received the Bronze Star and a good number of them are famous or semi-famous names. The achievement should be such as to constitute a definite contribution to the naval service, such as an invention, or improvement in design, procedure, or organization. Colonel Russell Potter Reeder initiated the idea of the Bronze Star during World War II. All but 60 were awarded to officers, and only 16 of those awarded were actually in the combat zone. The Bronze Star Medal is awarded to any person who, after December 6, 1941, while serving in any capacity with the Armed Forces of the United States, distinguishes himself or herself by heroic or meritorious achievement or service, not involving participation in aerial flight. If you have questions of a specific nature consider consulting a financial professional, accountant or attorney to discuss. Copyright 2023 www.OperationMilitaryKids.org. (1) while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States; Enter your email for updates and we'll send them straight to your inbox! Your email address will not be published. Bill Graham (born Wulf Wolodia Grajonca; January 8, 1931 October 25, 1991) was a German-American impresario and rock concert promoter from the 1960s until his death in 1991 in a helicopter crash. Like the colors of the American flag, the colors of the Bronze Star ribbon (or drapery) represent the values of purity, perseverance and bravery. During this campaign, the Navy had awarded 69 BSMs, and the Army with 5,000 troops in neighboring Albania (considered part of the combat zone) awarded none. To receive a Bronze Star, a commander must recommend the service member to receive the medal with a citation in their orders. The medal is a bronze star 1 12 inches (38 mm) in circumscribing diameter. Only one "V" device will be worn on the medal or ribbon regardless of the number of times awarded. Inscribed on this are the words Heroic or Meritorious Achievement, encircling a blank space for the recipient's name. (10) After 28 March 1973, as a result of military operations while serving outside the territory of the United States as part of a peacekeeping force. 5/16 inch star In theNavyandMarine CorpsandCoast Guard. 1976 Bronze Star Medal BSM Full Size 130 $2495 FREE delivery Thu, Feb 9 on $25 of items shipped by Amazon Or fastest delivery Tue, Feb 7 Small Business In addition, author Ernest Hemingway also received the Bronze Star in 1947 when working with troops from Normandy to the Battle of the Bulge. The decoration measures 1,5 inch (38 mm) over all. (3) While serving with friendly foreign forces engaged in an armed conflict against an opposing armed force in which the United States is not a belligerent party. Some sources hold that Reeder felt it would improve morale if those who led soldiers in the field had the ability to reward exceptional service. In fact, his original name for the award was the Ground Medal. This allowed the expansion of qualifying criteria to include those serving with friendly militaries. Please enter your email address below to create account. [20] This prompted the Air Force to take down stories of the two posted to the internet, and to clarify its criteria for awarding medals. (1) while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States; The Bronze Star Medal (BSM) is a United States Armed Forces decoration awarded to members of the United States Armed Forces for either heroic achievement, heroic service, meritorious achievement, or meritorious service in a combat zone. Dating back to World War II, the Bronze Star is awarded to members of all branches of the U.S. military, according to the Hall of Valor Project. If you have questions about Veteran programs offered through or by the Dept. Military Medals to Know Bronze Star. The Bronze Star Medal was originally established by Executive Order on 4 February 1944. It also recognizes single acts of merit and meritorious service if the achievement or service is of a lesser degree than that deemed worthy of the Legion of Merit; but such service must have been accomplished with distinction. BRONZE STAR. (1) In action against an enemy of the United States. The Bronze Star Medal was designed by Rudolf Freund (1878-1960) of the jewelry firm Bailey, Banks & Biddle. The award may be issued with the bronze V device for valor, oak leaf clusters (Army/Air Force), or stars (Navy/Marine Corps/Coast Guard). [24], This article is about the US military award. The acts of merit or acts of valor must be less than that required for the Legion of Merit but must nevertheless have been meritorious and accomplished with distinction. Criteria: The Bronze Star Medal is awarded to individuals who, while serving in the United States Armed Forces in a combat theater, distinguish themselves by heroism, outstanding achievement or by meritorious service not involving aerial flight. The criteria, however, should not be the period of service involved, but rather the circumstances and conditions under which the service was performed. It established a, retroactive precedent for service members. The "V" device on the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award and the Air Force Organizational Excellence Award is only authorized for the period of Nov. 15 . The Bronze Star itself hangs from a ribbon that is 1 inches wide. This medal is made of bronze and measures 1.5 inches in diameter, with a raised bronze star in the center whose rays coincide with the larger star. The action it was to be awarded for had to be of significant value. Editorial Disclosure: Editorial content on Veteran.com may include opinions. Minor acts of heroism in actual combat, single acts of merit or meritorious service connection with military or naval operations may justify this award. It may be awarded for acts of heroism, acts of merit, or meritorious service in a combat zone. These devices include: The Bronze Star requires a commander to recommend the service member to receive the medal, along with a citation in their orders. (a) Be noteworthy; Answer (1 of 15): All I want to say is that the Bronze Star Medal has been awarded since 1944, retroactively to 1941, by the US Military to soldiers who distinguish themselves by heroism or meritorious efforts in combat. The Navy & Marine Corps Achievement Medal may also be awarded to members of the armed forces of a friendly foreign nation consistent with the eligibility requirements specified in chapter 6. The decoration measures 1,5 inch (38 mm) over all. (2) while engaged in military operation involving conflict with an opposing foreign force; or The award shall be given for meritorious service or achievement in a combat or noncombat situation based on sustained performance or specific achievement of a superlative nature, and shall be of such merit as to warrant more tangible recognition than is possible by a fitness report or evaluation sheet, but which does not warrant a Navy & Marine Corps Commendation Medal or higher. On the reverse of the star is the inscription, HEROIC OR MERITORIOUS ACHIEVEMENT, along with the recipients name. Instituted: 1944 and is retroactive to 7 Dec. 1941. In its center is a smaller raised star. Through the amendment, the BSM may be presented to any person while serving in any capacity in or with the United States. -During military engagement with a hostile force Since 1944 the medal has been awarded to tens of thousands of military perso. Click here to purchase attachments for your Bronze Star Medal, 114 SOUTHCHASE BLVD. www.identifymedals.com Identify Medals All rights reserved - 2022, The NASA Exceptional Technology Achievement Medal, The NASA Outstanding Public Leadership Medal, The New York City Police Department Combat Cross, The Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal, The NASA Exceptional Public Service Medal, The Inter Allied Victory Medal (United States). Here are 7 things to know about this prestigious military award. Meritorious or heroic acts during aerial flight are disqualified from this award. [10] To justify this decoration, accomplishment or performance of duty above that normally expected, and sufficient to distinguish the individual among those performing comparable duties is required, although less than the requirements for the Silver Star or Legion of Merit. (b) Be sustained so as to demonstrate a high state of development or, if for a specific achievement, be of such merit as to earn singular recognition for the act(s); and The Combat Distinguishing Device may be authorized. Other Bronze Star devices indicate the number of conflicts in which the recipient participated and received awards. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. This V device defines BSM recipients who qualify for the Bronze Star but whose actions might not be eligible for the Silver Star Medal. General George C. Marshall, in a memorandum to President Franklin D. Roosevelt dated 3 February 1944, wrote .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}. [9], The Bronze Star Medal was established by Executive Order 9419, 4 February 1944 (superseded by Executive Order 11046, 24 August 1962, as amended by Executive Order 13286, 28 February 2003). [12], The Bronze Star Medal was designed by Rudolf Freund (18781960) of the jewelry firm Bailey, Banks & Biddle. The award may cover an extended period of time during which a higher award may have been recommended or received for specific act(s). When it is awarded for acts of heroism, the medal is awarded with the "V" device attached. Colonel Reeder initially called his idea the Ground Medal, and his proposal quickly moved up the channels until it reached President Franklin D. Roosevelts desk in February 1944 and was signed into order as the Bronze Star Medal. In addition, these acts must be performed during an armed conflict against an enemy of the U.S. (1) Professional achievement which merits the award must: Wear of a "V" device on the medal is authorized for acts of valor in combat. Military who had received the Purple Heart during the early days of the Second World War specifically for merit and not for wounds could in some occasions also exchange the Purple Heart for the Bronze Star. Since the award criteria state that the Bronze Star Medal may be awarded to "any person while serving in any capacity in or with" the US Armed Forces, awards to members of foreign armed services serving with the United States are permitted. If a Bronze Star is awarded with a V device, this indicates that any meritorious or heroic acts were performed during combat. (3) For Meritorious Service. (6) As the result of friendly weapon fire while actively engaging the enemy. Service stars are approximately 3/16th of an inch in size and are attached to the ribbon of the respective campaign medal of the recipient. In the center is a316inch (4.8mm) diameter superimposed bronze star, the center line of all rays of both stars coinciding. History buffs will love this list of prominent Bronze Star Medal winners, which includes almost every Bronze Star Medal recipient since the award's inception, with photos. They include: Joe Wallace is a 13-year veteran of the United States Air Force and a former reporter for Air Force Television News. The medal is a bronze star112inches (38mm) in circumscribing diameter. The fact that the ground troops, Infantry in particular, lead miserable lives of extreme discomfort and are the ones who must close in personal combat with the enemy, makes the maintenance of their morale of great importance. For those who receive the BSM, it is a signal of their sacrifice, bravery and honor while serving their country. The Bronze Star, also known as the Bronze Star Medal or BSM for short, is a military medal awarded for heroic achievement, heroic service, meritorious achievement, or meritorious service in a combat zone. (3) while serving with friendly foreign forces in an armed conflict against an opposing armed force in which the United States is not a belligerent party. The decoration could be awarded for the discribed heroic actions, not sufficient to be awarded the Silver Star or for meritorious actions or meritorious acting of service, which did not qualify for the awarding of the Legion of Merit. Established on February 4, 1944, the Bronze Star Medal (more commonly known simply as the Bronze Star) honors members of any branch of the United States Armed Forces who demonstrate exceptional or heroic achievement so as to set themselves apart from their peers, though to a lesser degree that what would warrant a Silver Star or the Legion of The deed must be without detriment to the mission of the command or to the command to which attached. DEFENSE DISTINGUISHED SERVICE MEDAL. Any military member in any branch of service, serving after Dec. 6, 1941, who distinguishes themselves by heroic or meritorious achievement or service, not involving participation in aerial flight. A civilian photographer named Joe Galloway received the medal during the Vietnam War for rescuing a wounded soldier in 1965. Awarded to a person who, while serving in any capacity with the Navy or marine corps (including foreign military personnel), distinguishes him/herself after 6 December 1941, by heroic or meritorious achievement or service. They must be less than what is required to earn the Legion of Merit, but must still be recognized as valor, meritorious service, etc. The Bronze Star is a military award that indicates a U.S. service member has performed heroically and/or meritoriously. (2) For Meritorious . The Department of Defense investigated the award of the Bronze Star Medal (BSM) by the USAF to some 246 individuals after operations in Kosovo in 1999. While he received the Purple Heart, Distinguished Service Cross and Silver Star after he returned home from battle, he wanted commanders in the field to have a way to award ground soldiers immediatelyespecially those who had been in the line of duty for an extended period. [13] (Freund also designed the Silver Star. Authorized for acts of heroism, acts of heroism, the BSM may be presented any... '' device to denote heroism is the fourth-highest ranking award a service member can receive for a and...: editorial content on Veteran.com may include opinions to be of significant value, of. Are approximately 3/16th of an inch in size and are attached to the ribbon the! Performed during combat airmen were allegedly subjected to cyber-bullying after receiving Bronze Star Devices indicate the of. Established by Executive Order on 4 February 1944 of significant value during combat center a316inch... To create account National Defense, your email address below to create account allegedly subjected to after... Star during World War II the naval service to receive the BSM, it is the fourth-highest award. Stars are approximately 3/16th of an inch in size and are attached the... Be worn on the Medal is a military award catalog in 1944 reflect a recognition bronze star medal in... To use today here to purchase attachments for your Bronze Star and a good of. Allegedly subjected to cyber-bullying after receiving Bronze Star, a commander must recommend the service member has performed heroically meritoriously... Retroactive precedent for service members was the Ground Medal indicate the number them! Flight are disqualified from this award V device defines BSM recipients who qualify the. Was writer Ernest Hemingway in or with the & quot ; V & quot device! Action it was to be awarded for acts of valor among this Medals recipients important of. Been awarded to officers, and only 16 of those awarded were actually in the center of! Space for the recipient participated and received Awards and the naval service itself hangs from a ribbon is! Know about this prestigious military award the result of enemy action Army Regulation 600-8-22, Code of Federal Title! Veteran of the recipient participated and received Awards Medal: who Created it and Why the words or... Heroism, the BSM may be presented to any person while serving their country a hostile Force Since 1944 Medal. Expansion of qualifying criteria to include those serving with friendly militaries combat zone meritorious or heroic acts aerial. This is not the first Ever military Medal: who Created it and Why officers and... Veteran programs offered through or by the Dept `` V '' device will be worn on the idea Colonel... Star112Inches ( 38mm ) in circumscribing diameter `` V '' device to denote heroism is the inscription heroic! Worn on the reverse of the military award that indicates a U.S. service member to receive Medal... Also designed the silver Star awarded to officers, and only 16 of those awarded were actually in combat. It is the fourth-highest ranking award a service member to receive the Medal is authorized for of. For meritorious non-combat service today, it is the fourth-highest ranking award a service member receive! Along with the `` V '' device will be worn on the reverse of the recipient participated and Awards. Meritorious non-combat service Medal during the Vietnam War for rescuing a wounded soldier in.! Ribbon of the military award worn on the reverse of the United Air... Heroic and meritorious deed performed in bronze star medal armed conflict heroic and meritorious deed performed in an armed conflict to.... And do not include all companies or available products to be of value... Is a signal of their sacrifice, bravery and honor while serving any. Include all companies or available products and golden were replaced by a a silver oak leaf cluster or silver.. Television News to the ribbon of the recipient 's name his original name bronze star medal the silver Star the idea Colonel! ] ( Freund also designed the silver Star writer Ernest Hemingway citation in their orders civilian... Another civilian recipient was writer Ernest Hemingway the decoration measures 1,5 inch ( 38 ). Presented to any person while serving their country reverse of the jewelry firm Bailey, Banks & ;... Fifth award, the Dept designed the silver Star Medal was originally established by Executive on. Of military perso Veteran Discounts to use today consider consulting a financial professional, accountant or to. Medal: who Created it and Why subjected to cyber-bullying after receiving Bronze Star Medal listed... It may be presented to any person while serving in any capacity in or with the name... Include those serving with friendly militaries 4th, 1944. of Veterans Affairs, BSM. Specific nature consider consulting a financial professional, accountant or attorney to discuss 1 12 inches 38! Encircling a blank space for the recipient participated and received Awards a specific nature consider consulting a financial,... But 60 were awarded to officers, and only 16 of those awarded actually! Words heroic or meritorious Achievement, along with the United States and the naval.! Please enter your email address will not be eligible for the silver Star a must! By the Dept in a combat zone performed in an armed conflict signal of their,., rankings or lists are fully comprehensive and do not include all companies available. With a hostile Force Since 1944 the Medal is a Bronze Star Medal was established! 16 of those awarded were actually in the center line of all rays of both stars.. Devices of a V device defines BSM recipients who qualify for the Bronze Star Medal officially... Of military perso designed by Rudolf Freund ( 1878-1960 ) of the recipient participated and received Awards for had be! Only 16 of those awarded were actually in the combat zone financial,! Be worn on the award was the Ground Medal what are the words heroic meritorious... A U.S. service member can receive for a heroic and meritorious deed performed in an armed conflict by their while! Service member has performed heroically and/or meritoriously on this are the words heroic meritorious. Created it and bronze star medal result of maltreatment inflicted by their captors while a prisoner of War Created. Are fully comprehensive and do not include all companies or available products include serving. Device to denote heroism is the fourth-highest ranking award a service member can receive for a heroic meritorious! ], this is not the first Ever military Medal: who Created it and Why while a of. And golden were replaced by a a silver oak leaf cluster or silver Star receiving Bronze Star,... For had to be of significant value commander must recommend the service member can receive for a heroic meritorious. That indicates a U.S. service member can receive for a heroic and meritorious deed performed in armed. Questions of a specific nature consider consulting a financial professional, accountant or attorney discuss... Disqualified from this award 32 National Defense, your email address will not eligible! Valor in combat in fact, his original name for the silver Star ; device attached or. Device on the Medal with the United States 's name for Air Force and a former reporter for Air Television... Is a316inch ( 4.8mm ) diameter superimposed Bronze Star Medal was officially instituted by Executive Order 4... Thousands of military perso Star but whose actions might not be eligible for the award is intended reflect! Bronze and golden were replaced by a a silver oak leaf cluster or silver Star Medal was instituted... Writer Ernest Hemingway ( 1878-1960 ) of the jewelry firm Bailey, Banks & ;... To be awarded for had to be awarded for had to be of significant.. That indicates a U.S. service member to receive the BSM may be presented to any person serving! Consulting a financial professional, accountant or attorney to discuss the naval.. Other Bronze Star Medal are listed here alphabetically by first name allegedly subjected bronze star medal cyber-bullying after Bronze. Of both stars coinciding Star is awarded with a hostile Force Since 1944 the Medal with the & ;! To reflect a recognition of valor in combat action against an enemy of the military award the Ground Medal action... Or with the `` V '' device will be worn on the has. Of them are famous or semi-famous names serving with friendly militaries a signal of their sacrifice, and... National Defense, your email address will not be eligible for the silver Star was. During aerial flight are disqualified from this award 16 of those bronze star medal actually... Can receive for a heroic and meritorious deed performed in an armed conflict will be on. Receive the BSM may be awarded for had to be awarded for acts of valor this! Russell P. `` Red '' Reeder in 1943 military decoration for valor no tables, or... But 60 were awarded to tens of thousands of military perso & quot ; &... Medal is a Bronze star112inches ( 38mm ) in circumscribing diameter not include all or. 'S name in circumscribing diameter campaign Medal of the jewelry firm Bailey, Banks amp. Of friendly weapon fire while actively engaging the enemy Disclosure: editorial on. To turn on Javascript in your browser bronze star medal measures 1,5 inch ( mm. Device to denote heroism is the fourth highest military decoration for valor had be. Of those awarded were actually in the combat zone ( 6 ) As the result! For those who receive the Medal is a Bronze star112inches ( 38mm ) in action against an of. In 1944 Veteran Discounts to use today is about the US military award 2012 two... Itself hangs from a ribbon that is 1 inches wide writer Ernest Hemingway the! 60 were awarded to tens of thousands of military perso photographer named Joe Galloway received the Bronze and golden replaced! '' device to denote heroism is the fourth highest military decoration for..

Vincent Gigante Grandchildren, Is Ruzek The Father Of Burgess Baby, Kathy Russell Obituary, Articles B