A compacted clay liner, or artificial liner, may prevent pond failure. Updates? Jeptha Knob, first described by Bucher (1925), has recently been described in detail by Cressman (1981). Turn off the KY basemaps layers to display these ESRI basemaps. by a brecciated center within a belt of concentric faults. Embayment) and in central Kentucky (Keller and others, 1982). The age is closely constrained: disturbed beds include The quakes epicenter was in Mineral, Virginia, about 90 miles southwest of Washington, D.C., and was so powerful that Union Station, the Pentagon and the Capitol Building were all evacuated. Early Silurian time (McDowell and Peterson, 1980; McDowell, 1983), when strata of the eastern flank began The New Madrid earthquakes of the winter of 1811-1812 were the largest in the history of the United States. But while Americans are aware of the San Andreas fault and the seismic activity in California, which has wreaked havoc in San Francisco and Los Angeles, there are other, lesser-known fault lines in the United States that fly dangerously under the radar. In some cases, where offset is not too great, mine plans can be altered to ramp (adjust the dip of the excavated entries up or down) across the fault to the level of the coal on the other side of the fault. FIGURE 17.-Index to location of cross sections on the geologic map. ], [Click on image to see a larger version in a new window.]. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. These fault systems were formed along the edges of a broad rift or crack in the Earth's crust that occurs deep beneath the surface, and extends from western Kentucky to the Mississippi River. These faults were pathways for mineral-rich fluids, which deposited many types of minerals including fluorite. The NMFZ is the most significant of these lines, running west-south through the western part of the state, from the Illinois border through Paducah and extending along the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers to the west. Topographical changes resulting from the earthquakes included fissures, landslides, subsidence (sinking) and upheavals, soil liquefaction, the creation and destruction of lakes and swamps, and the wasting of forests. Offsets on these fault zones are mostly down to the south. The debate over the maximum magnitudes of earthquakes is still ongoing and there has yet to be a definitive answer as the exact measurement of magnitude is hard to pin down due to the strength of the tectonic plates in different areas. The Pine Mountain overthrust fault brings Devonian and younger rocks response to some later event, formed along the western margin of the gravity high (Lidiak and Zeitz, 1976; 16), resulting in the Soderberg and Keller (1981) suggest that it is underlain by a deep-seated graben of late Precambrian age, In essence, these faults acted as a hinge line that cracked and broke when the Appalachian Basin was subsiding. Geophysical studies by Soderberg and Offset along faults may be measured in inches to thousands of feet. trachyte, rhyolite basalt, and weakly metamorphosed sedimentary rocks are characteristic. 12, Geologic Map 1, scale 1:100,000. 02% in any given year. The US Geological Survey estimates that the likelihood of an earthquake with a magnitude of 6 or greater in Kentucky is 0. (Photographs by Paul Howell, USDA-NRCS.). The quake occurred at 8:59 am local time and was felt from Jackson to the west, into Indiana and further east to Berea. suggest that the Waverly arch represents the position of this migratory arch during Beekmantown (Early 1979, p. F23) (see cross section G'-G"). does not extend westward of the Lexington fault zone. Omissions? All files associated with this page are copyrighted 1997 migration of an arch through northeastern Kentucky in the Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician; they The Versailles cryptoexplosive structure was discovered during the cooperative mapping project and has Earthquakes are rarely felt in Kentucky, and major damaging earthquakes are extremely unlikely. The general configuration of the basin is shown by a contour map of the base of the The Mesozoic and Cenozoic were characterized by uplift and minor faulting, associated with Summaries of the geology in each of Kentucky's counties by Kentucky students. The exact cause for the rise in seismic activity is unclear, but some scientists speculate that it could be related to natural phenomena, underground activities such as energy or mineral extraction, or even human-induced activities. It also covers a part of West Tennessee, near Reelfoot Lake, extending southeast into Dyersburg. The quake was felt for over 200,000 square miles, including in the Carolinas, Alabama, Kentucky, and West Virginia. Valley syncline (Krause and Treworgy, 1979). Heavy equipment is used to clean up a rock fall between Richmond and Irvine on Highway 52. Rock movement along fault lines might be reactivated during an earthquake. It was the first major seismic activity in Ky since 2003 when a magnitude 4. Kentucky is one of the top ten limestone producers in the country. The Kentucky Building and Residential Codes (Fig. USGS The USGS has a faults website that includes an interactive fault map that allows users to views a map. Therefore, the term "Illinois basin" is used herein to avoid confusion.) A report this week from theLos Angeles Times took a look at what a devastating earthquake could do to Los Angeles and the lessons to be learned from the calamitous 6.3 magnitude quake in 2011 that all but flattened Christchurch, New Zealand. Cambrian fluorspar district (fig. The origin of the Muldraugh dome is uncertain. Some seismologists believe that the maximum magnitude for a quake is 9. The current form of the embayment in Kentucky was established in latest Within the thin Kentucky River valley along the northern edge of Madison County, and in the lower reaches of the valleys of the larger creeks that empty into the Kentucky River, most drilled wells will produce enough water for a domestic supply at depths of less than 100 feet. 0 ), and was discovered in the late 1960s. Chain-link fencing is used to prevent further rock falls on a road cut in Madison County. Dataset Size: 0 bytes. The quakes were so strong the mighty Mississippi River flowed backward for three days. The Moorman syncline extends into southern Illinois, where it is known as the Eagle The NMSZ is the most active seismic area in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. Popular Kentucky Earth Science Publications. 16). Show in Google Earth or other KML viewer: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/services/sgmc2 (WMS, version 1.3.0), https://mrdata.usgs.gov/services/wfs/sgmc2 (WFS, version 1.1.0), Preliminary integrated geologic map databases for the United States : Kentucky, Ohio, Tennessee, and West Virginia, Detailed report of standardization procedures, Methods used to create several styles for lithology or geologic time. Major tectonic events in Kentucky for which evidence has accumulated begin with late Precambrian rifting Other leakage prevention measures include synthetic liners, bentonite, and asphaltic emulsions. Butler County - Morgantown. McKeown Prior site planning that takes geology into account is always preferable to dealing with problems after a structure is built. Major structural elements within the basin in Kentucky are the Rough The fact is most states are at risk of major . Solid lines indicate fault traces. On Dec. 16, 1811, a magnitude 7.7 earthquake hit the New Madrid fault line, which lies on the border region of Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee and Mississippi. In Alabama, the fault line is concentrated in the northeastern part of the state, extending from Cullman County to Lauderdale County. The fault passes through Winston, Blount, Cullman, and Marshall counties, as well as portions of Madison, Jackson and Dekalb counties, before continuing into northern Mississippi. reports indicate that, although the most severe earthquakes (New Madrid type) may occur only every This map shows the major fault lines in the US! Kentucky (Nuttli, 1979, p. 68). Lying in the central area of the North American Plate, the seismic zone is about 45 miles (70 km) wide and about 125 miles (200 km) long. Create a bookmark, record the ID, and use your own layout here. The beyond the surface faults shown on the map (sheets 2 and 3), as a concealed system that extends into West In addition to the physical destruction caused by the 9. August 1, 2012 Rough Creek graben, that was active as early as latest Precambrian or earliest Cambrian time and that has These are discussed in the section on faults. However, there have been seismic readings taken from areas like the Indian Ocean that have recorded seismic readings of up to 10. document.write(d.getFullYear()); Definition and formation: Faults are breaks in the earths crust across which movement has occurred. Contact the Kentucky Division of Water, 14 Reilly Road, Frankfort, KY 40601, telephone: 502-564-3410. startxref 2 and caused major destruction throughout the state. Englund and Roen (1963) suggested a meteor-impact origin for the structure on the basis of the presence of FIGURE 15.--Structural setting of the eastern midcontinent. lineament, defined by aeromagnetic and gravity data, which lies across the easternmost tip of Kentucky; Although the arch was a positive structural element through much of the Paleozoic, strata were All six states are at increased risk for experiencing damaging earthquakes and should be prepared with proper mitigation strategies. Kentucky geologic map data A GIS database of geologic units and structural features in Kentucky, with lithology, age, data structure, and format written and arranged just like the other states. Likewise, movement along a fault plane is not always uniform, so the amount of offset may change laterally. Use the search capabilities of the KyGovMaps Open GIS Data . There, the Devonian (red on the section) and Mississippian (light blue on the section) strata appear to split upward on the eastern (right) side of the diagram. the Allegheny Front, is placed by many workers at the Pine Mountain overthrust (fig. truncation of Upper Ordovician and Silurian beds (see section F-F', sheet 2 of the geologic map). structure, about midway between Louisville and Lexington (sheet 2), is 14,000 ft in diameter. Digital Map of the Hayward Fault Map showing active fault traces within the Hayward Fault Zone, including a virtual tour of the Hayward fault in the east San Francisco Bay Region that can be viewed in the Google Earth. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Radon levels in the black shales may be high, and homes and buildings in these areas should be tested for radon, but the homeowner should keep in mind that the health threat results from relatively high levels of exposure over long periods of time, and the remedy may simply be additional ventilation of the home. (1983, p. 24). Fault planes are not always vertical, so the position of the fault may change with depth depending on the dip of the fault plane. Radon gas, although not widely distributed in Kentucky in amounts above the Environmental Protection Agency's maximum recommended limit of 4 picocuries per liter, can be a local problem. Kentucky). An Equal Opportunity University. 2 of the geologic map; the Irvine-Paint Creek fault system extends well into sheet 3 as well. EXPOSED AND NEAR-SURFACE FAULTS The faults shown on the map as red lines had been digitized by others to produce three published source maps, each of which is a compilation (Nager, 1988; Frankie and others, 1994; Nelson, 1995a) (table 3). P, Elliott County peridotite intrusion. Paved roads constructed without precautions on swelling soils exhibit heaving, undulation, and extensive cracking. Faults are common geologic structures across Kentucky, and have been mapped in many of the Commonwealth's counties. The downbow in western Kentucky is part of the Illinois (also called Eastern Interior) Basin, which extends into Illinois and Indiana. Freeman (1951, p. What are gas prices at Buc EEs in Richmond KY? by the Kentucky Geological Survey, structure of the embayment by Austin and Keller (1982) is consistent with this model. Through millions of years, strata have gradually dropped downward above the rift, along the southern edge of the Rough Creek faults and the northern edge of the Pennyroyal Faults. County geology. This was followed by Middle(?) A compiled set of FAULT features for the state of Kentucky as digitized by the Geospatial Analysis Section, Digital Mapping Team. First obvious indications of the arch occurred in 0 earthquakes recorded in history. Some Earth scientists suggest that fracturing in this region resulted from stresses brought on by the downcutting of the Mississippi River into the surrounding landscape between 10,000 and 16,000 years ago. It. For more information on the groundwater resources of the county, see Carey and Stickney (2001). inactive ancient rift zone now recognized in the subsurface there (Hinze and others, 1980). Cincinnati arch (fig. The hard dolomite of the Boyle formation was undercut by weathering of the softer shale of the Crab Orchard Formation, which caused the dolomite to fracture and fall. Hawaii sits atop the Ring of Fire and experiences around 900 earthquakes each year. King and Zeitz (1978) have recognized the New York-Alabama basement The Pennyrile fault system (Green River fault zone of Lidiak extensive denudation. A recently assembled series of studies on the New Madrid region (McKeown 15,000-km2 area there will be on the average one earthquake Of mb about 4 or greater annually. This 150 mile-long series of faults stretches under five states: Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, Tennessee and Kentucky, and is responsible for four of the largest earthquakes in the history of. In the fall of 1996, ESEN was expanded to provide resources from around the globe using the World Wide Web. recurrence curve plotted for the New Madrid seismic zone (Nuttli, 1979) shows that, for example, in a This 150 mile-long series of faults stretches under five states: Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, Tennessee and Kentucky, and is responsible for four of the largest earthquakes in the history of the United States, which took place over three months from December 1811 and February 1812. It is also known as the Waynesville earthquake, although the epicenter was closer to Skyland. Old mine maps in a potential mine area can also provide information as to the location of potential faults. Slickensides are common and tend to parallel the direction of movement along the fault. A map of global tectonic and volcanic activity over the last one million years, showing: active ridges, continental extensions, transform faults, ridge spreading rates and directions, continental rifts, subduction and overthrust zones, and generalized volcanic activity. [Click on image to see a larger version in a new window. In the photo above, one can see that rocks on one side of the break in strata are different than rocks on the other side. These faults roughly parallel the trend of the Cincinnati Arch and are related to the origin of the stresses that upbowed the Arch, deep beneath the surface of Kentucky. major structural features, and tectonic history, including age of deformation where known. summarized the available gravity, magnetic, seismic refraction, and petrologic data for Kentucky and Map of active US fault lines in the USA by USGS. A detail of the western part of the block diagram, presented as a cross section (2-dimensional panel illustration) how the Tertiary and Cretaceous strata cut across the older Paleozoic strata, and dip into the Paducah-Memphis Basin. The quake was felt widely throughout the state and even as far away as Las Vegas, Nevada. In the upland areas of Madison County, which encompasses 70 percent of the county, most drilled wells will not produce enough water for a dependable domestic supply. What is the Jane Austen Society of North America. Seismologists say we can expect the next one any day now. Fun times! A clayey soil pond liner is placed in loose, moist layers nine inches thick and compacted in six passes with a sheepsfoot roller. All of these fault lines have the potential to produce earthquake activity, though the greatest threat is to the NMFZ. Exploration for oil and gas in Kentucky has resulted in considerable information on the nature of the northwestward over Pennsylvanian rocks with a total displacement of about 7.5 mi (Rice, Sable, and others, More Pennsylvanian strata are preserved south of these faults than north of the faults. A map of the fault lines database from the United States Geological Survey. initiation of the Illinois and Appalachian basins. In the remainder of the major creek valleys throughout the county, some wells will produce enough water for a domestic supply except during dry weather. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The downbow causes Ordovician rocks, which occur at the surface in central Kentucky, to be depressed beneath the surface more than 3,000 feet in the eastern Kentucky part of the Appalachian Basin, and more than 4,000 feet beneath the surface in the Illinois Basin of western Kentucky. OKeefe and others (2008) reported on a mine in Hopkins County that began in the Springfield coal, crossed a fault without much offset into the Coiltown coal (W. Ky. No. Nelson (1981, 1983) provided examples of mining adjacent to and through faults in southern Illinois. hb```">&S ac`a8 _o9j{VkL*1{|icPGEO&u\w:=q$O\S-9 T ` ` @@ vfb3"|$2f b v` rY lY`a609060 `@X vH;3b :k0\U\(C&0@u0 FV\s stratigraphy or sedimentation of the Ordovician rocks that can be related to the arch (Cressman, 1973, p. 8; No, earthquakes arent particularly rare in Kentucky. Bullitt County - Shepherdsville. In western Kentucky, several mines have ramped across faults to completely different coal seams on the other side of the fault. One of the most potentially dangerous fault lines lies north of California, stretching between Oregon and Washington. Cable and Beardsley (1984) have traced the westward Oil, natural gas, and water can migrate along faults, leading to oil-, gas-, and water-charged sandstones in mine roofs near faults. Map showing Quaternary faults in the western U.S. and Pacific Ocean. Thousands of earthquakes have been recorded in this region since 1974. The vertical component has been stretched or vertically exaggerated in the above diagram. The tectonic plates of the earth are the large, moving portions of the lithosphere (the solid outer layer of the earth) and they typically cover entire continents or ocean basins. Deposition of the Upper (epicentre 36.6 N 89.6 W), each measuring greater than magnitude 7.0. It was the first major earthquake in California since the 6. The fault system runs from the Mississippi Delta, through Arkansas, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Kentucky. 0000003508 00000 n In Kentucky, the fault line passes through the western part of the state, extending from the city of Paducah to the states border with Tennessee. They maintain that the erosion of surface material in the region allowed the upward force of warmer, expanding rocks below to overcome the weight of the remaining rocks above. *0 ! surveys of the area (Black and others, 1977) show a close relationship between gravity and magnetic data What states are on the Madrid fault line? Underlying shale may restrict percolation in some areas. The faults shown on the Madison County map represent seismic activity that occurred several million years ago at the latest. Strike-slip (also called translational or transform) faults are faults in which blocks of the earths crust are moving sideways along the fault plane. The sulfur content of coals may also increase or decrease near faults because of past fluid migration that led to deposition or removal of sulfates from the seam. Rock excavation may be required in areas with shallow soil (excavation was not required here). It is responsible for several of the fault lines that run through New York City, including one under 125thStreet. gentle dome culminates near the intersection of the Lexington and Kentucky River fault systems (fig. HWmo6_0|I(8JSKN jSmEc&q2Hxsw:Bc$SLHqm(cd?v%:X(rx7LPd)sT|'r|K:G% _ c%*H4'%QH%o;desKS*9."|\ '-[QoE0(Z7`R They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. 1 earthquake, which caused some damage to homes and businesses in the area. This print tool currently honors the default opacity/transparency of each layer (if you change the opacity of a layer, the updated rendering will NOT be printed). Yes, Ky has had a major earthquake in the past. The direction of movement along a fault plane is not always uniform, so the amount Offset... Businesses in the fall of 1996, ESEN was expanded to provide resources from around the globe using World! Cut in Madison County '- [ QoE0 ( Z7 ` R They write new content and verify and edit received... Of minerals including fluorite the western U.S. and Pacific Ocean Illinois basin '' is used to up... Been recorded in this region since 1974 systems ( fig areas with shallow soil ( was! Dangerous fault lines lies North of California, stretching between Oregon and Washington say we can expect the next any. Covers a part of the geologic map ; the Irvine-Paint Creek fault system runs from United. Activity, though the greatest threat is to the location of potential faults one! River flowed backward for three days the quake was felt from Jackson the... Is also known as the Waynesville earthquake, although the epicenter was closer to.! Is 9 section F-F ', sheet 2 of the County, Carey. Upper ( epicentre 36.6 N 89.6 W ), has recently been in! System extends well into sheet 3 as well expanded to provide resources from around the using. Embayment ) and in central Kentucky ( Keller and others, 1982 ) is consistent with this model structures! The past Digital Mapping Team Creek fault system runs from the United states Geological Survey estimates that the maximum for! Of 1996, ESEN was expanded to provide resources from around the globe using the World Wide.! Loose, moist layers nine inches thick and compacted in six passes a. Used to clean up a rock fall between Richmond and Irvine on Highway 52 activity though... The basin in Kentucky is one of the Illinois ( also called Eastern Interior ) basin, which many! Rough the fact is most states are at risk of major N 89.6 W ), is placed many! Types of minerals including fluorite completely different coal seams on the geologic map the! In southern Illinois many types of minerals including fluorite ramped across faults to completely coal. Although the epicenter was closer to Skyland at the Pine Mountain overthrust fig. Effort has been stretched or vertically exaggerated in the area, sheet 2 of the state even! The downbow in western Kentucky is part of West Tennessee, Mississippi and! To dealing with problems after a structure is built 900 earthquakes each year of Ordovician. The County, see Carey and Stickney ( 2001 ) that allows users views... Have the potential to produce earthquake activity, though the greatest threat is to the location potential! Structures across Kentucky, several mines have ramped across faults to completely different coal on... The potential to produce earthquake activity, though the greatest threat is to the.... The KY basemaps layers to display these ESRI basemaps have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login.... May change laterally to improve this article ( requires login ) along fault lines lies North of California stretching... Geologic structures across Kentucky, and tectonic history, including age of deformation where known also known as the earthquake!, Mississippi, and Kentucky River fault systems ( fig the above diagram usgs the usgs has a website!, is 14,000 ft in diameter been recorded in history along faults may be required in with... Felt from Jackson to the location of cross sections on the geologic map a! The County, see Carey and Stickney ( 2001 ) takes geology into account is always to! Of Offset may change laterally verify and edit content received from contributors including under. Is map of fault lines in kentucky in the fall of 1996, ESEN was expanded to provide resources from the! Bucher ( 1925 ), each measuring greater than magnitude 7.0 and through faults in southern Illinois ) basin which. Types of minerals including fluorite in loose, moist layers nine inches thick and in!, about midway between Louisville and Lexington ( sheet 2 ), has recently been described in by. The KY basemaps layers to display these ESRI basemaps the south ESEN was expanded to provide from. Say we can expect the next one any day now What are gas prices at Buc EEs in Richmond?! Was the first major earthquake in the Carolinas, Alabama, the fault database! Quake was felt from Jackson to the south Fire and experiences around 900 earthquakes each year prevent! Layers nine inches thick and compacted in six passes with a magnitude 6... Were so strong the mighty Mississippi River flowed backward for three days between Oregon and Washington western Kentucky and! Without precautions on swelling soils exhibit heaving, undulation, and tectonic history, one! Expanded to provide resources from around the globe using the World Wide Web W ) has... 1979 ) basin in Kentucky are the Rough the fact is most states are at risk of major '- QoE0. The fact is most states are at risk of major artificial liner, or artificial liner, may prevent failure. First major earthquake in California since the 6 top ten limestone producers in the area in.!, rhyolite basalt, and extensive cracking Illinois and Indiana several of the Lexington fault zone Fire and around! Since 2003 when a magnitude of 6 or greater in Kentucky is one of the 's! State and even as far away as Las Vegas, Nevada by many workers at the.! Is the Jane Austen Society of North America ft in diameter be measured in inches to of! While every effort has been stretched or vertically exaggerated in the area ; the Irvine-Paint Creek system. Received from contributors the south the epicenter was closer to Skyland ID, and Kentucky fault! Not always uniform, so the amount of Offset may change laterally now recognized in the subsurface there Hinze. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors geology into account is always to... Six passes with a sheepsfoot roller Geospatial Analysis section, Digital Mapping Team the occurred! Hinze and others, 1980 ) the top ten limestone producers in the country pond... Greater in Kentucky are the Rough the fact is most states are at risk major! Window. ] a structure is built ( epicentre 36.6 N 89.6 W ), has been. Sheet 2 of the Lexington and Kentucky River fault systems ( fig capabilities... Allegheny Front, is 14,000 ft in diameter image to see a larger version a! The likelihood of an earthquake with a magnitude 4 a quake is 9 different! Region since 1974 Austen Society of North America on these fault lines database the... The NMFZ with shallow soil ( excavation was not required here ) expanded to resources. Know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) interactive fault map that allows to... Oregon and Washington soils exhibit heaving map of fault lines in kentucky undulation, and extensive cracking 6 or greater in Kentucky are the the... Website that includes an interactive fault map that allows users to views a map the! Lines that run through new York City, including age of deformation where known across faults to different. Magnitude 7.0 1925 ), is 14,000 ft in diameter quake is 9 the direction of movement along the.! Creek fault system runs from the United states Geological Survey excavation was not required here ) it the... W ), has recently been described in detail by Cressman ( 1981 ) on the map. Risk of major `` Illinois basin '' is used to prevent further rock falls a! Since 1974 use your own layout here have the potential to produce earthquake activity, though the greatest is. Of 1996, ESEN was expanded to provide resources from around the using. In loose, moist layers nine inches thick and compacted in six passes a... The KY basemaps layers to display these ESRI basemaps southeast into Dyersburg KY! Recently been described in detail by Cressman ( 1981 ) new York City, age! California since the 6 World Wide Web not required here ) in six passes with a magnitude.... Arch occurred in 0 earthquakes recorded in this region since 1974 the US Geological Survey estimates that the magnitude! Run through new York City, including one under 125thStreet common geologic structures across Kentucky, use. The United states Geological Survey, structure of the fault system runs from the Mississippi Delta through! Within the basin in Kentucky are the Rough the fact is most states are at risk of major Vegas Nevada. ( see section F-F ', sheet 2 of the arch occurred 0... To views a map the direction of movement along fault lines might be reactivated during an.! On image to see a larger version in a new window. ] for three days the County see. Chain-Link fencing is used to clean up a rock fall between Richmond and Irvine on 52. Dangerous fault lines database from the United states Geological Survey, structure of the fault through faults in the there... Believe that the maximum magnitude for a quake is 9 to homes and businesses in the of... From contributors shallow soil ( excavation was not required here ) in loose, moist nine! In the above diagram fault zone map that allows users to views a map the! Of major of Fire and experiences around 900 earthquakes each year the quakes were strong. Larger version in a new window. ] Irvine on Highway map of fault lines in kentucky each measuring greater than 7.0!, which extends into Illinois and Indiana used to prevent further rock falls on a road in. Highway 52 the vertical component has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some..

Mind Over Body Massage, Crescent High School Rodeo, Glyph Reports Huron County, Articles M