On November 9, 1938, during the Kristallnacht pogrom. (Some 100,000 to 150,000 Ukrainian and other Soviet citizens were also killed in the following weeks). Download our mobile app for on-the-go access to the Jewish Virtual Library, Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust & Nazi Persecution, Bormann Relays Hitler Order Banning Reference to Final Solution (1943), Eichmann on Deportations from Western Europe, Exchange of Letters Concerning the "Final Solution", Himmler Orders Completion of the Final Solution, Himmler Reports on Executions in the East, Hitler Bans Public Reference to The Final Solution, Revelations on the Extermination of the Jews, 1998 - 2023 American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Hitler's invasion of Catholic Poland in 1939 began World War II, and the Nazis targeted clergy, monks and nuns in their campaign to destroy Polish culture. Photo by Nora Berman. Sankt-Peterburg 1995. "Encyclopedia of the Holocaust." During a Nazi-provoked riot known as Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) on November 9, 1938, at least 267 synagogues were destroyed. This contrasted with the treatment of other Holocaust victims, who were compensated for the loss of family members and educational opportunities. Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center. Sources: U.S. [90][91][92] In March 1937, Pope Pius XI issued his Mit brennender Sorge encyclical accusing the Nazi government of violating the 1933 concordat and sowing the "tares of suspicion, discord, hatred, calumny, of secret and open fundamental hostility to Christ and His Church".[85]. In many countries around the world denying the Holocaust is a criminal offense that can lead to lengthy imprisonment. [50] Hitler's genocidal campaign against Europe's Romani population involved the application of Nazi "racial hygiene" (selective breeding applied to humans). It was implied in a Facebook post by the Israel. The event poses deep questions about the nature of God, evil and reasons for suffering. Viennese Gauleiter Odilo Globocnik confiscated property, closed Catholic organizations and sent many priests to Dachau. Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, February 4, 2019, Washington, DC. An example is Hitler's Commissar Order, in which he demanded the summary execution of all Soviet troops who were political commissars who offered resistance or were captured in battle.[73]. Though this is the best information available, it is based on estimates and cannot take into the unknown number of victims whose bodies were never recovered or for whom there were no records. (2022, February 4). The Library and Archives of Canada acquired the book for 3, 400 ($4,500). Images from www.auschwitz.org may be used only in publications relating to the history of the German Nazi concentration and extermination camp Auschwitz-Birkenau or the activities of the Auschwitz Memorial. Altogether some 1700 Polish priests ended up at Dachau: half of them did not survive their imprisonment. Rumors of communist violence were spread by the Nazis to justify the Enabling Act of 1933, which gave Hitler his first dictatorial powers. The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics, 19271945: crossing boundaries. [53] When the Nazis came to power, hundreds of African-German children, the offspring of German mothers and African soldiers brought in during the French occupation, lived in the Rhineland. or that's how it's supposed to work, anyway. Hans-Walter Schmuhl. Publishers undertake to indicate the authors and origin of the images: www.auschwitz.org, as well as to inform the Museum of the use of the images (press@auschwitz.org). Peter Hoffmann; The History of the German Resistance 19331945; 3rd Edn (First English Edn); McDonald & Jane's; London; 1977; p 25. This racial minority, though not systematically eliminated like the other groups, faced persecution that ranged from isolation to murder. The atrocity largely took place between 1941 and 1945, but the initial persecution started in 1933. The Nazis kept detailed records of the people who passed through the camps; nevertheless, we do not know how many Jews may still have been unaccounted for in the many places where they were murdered. Nevertheless, the Nazi state, through active persecution, attempted to terrorise German homosexuals into sexual and social conformity, leaving thousands dead and shattering the lives of many more. 1st Edition, Kindle Edition, Routledge, October 9, 2018. According to British historian Ian Kershaw, the Nazis' genocide and brutality was their way of ensuring Lebensraum ("living space") for those who met Hitler's narrow racial requirements; this necessitated the elimination of Bolsheviks and Slavs: The Nazi revolution was broader than just the Holocaust. Some Germans and Austrians who lived abroad for much of their lives were considered to have too much exposure to foreign ideas, and they were sent to concentration camps. [34] The six million Jewish, Roman Catholic and Orthodox Poles represented nearly 17 percent of the country's population. The population data ranges from 1937-1941 so, for example, the countries where the figures came from 1937 may not accurately reflect the number of Jews at the time the war began. Estimates of the total number of people who died in the Holocaust now range between 15 and 20 million. [45] According to the U.S. A range of methods were used, with many. The Columbia guide to the Holocaust By Donald L. Niewyk. Holocaust Memorial Museum, by the winter of 1941 "starvation and disease resulted in mass death of unimaginable proportions". Dances with Wolves actor pleads not guilty in 'sex cult' case, TikTok star, 28, is charged with child abuse after 'attack on boyfriend', Rape survivor slams Gabby Petito Utah cop over handling of her case, 'Dark details' about boyfriend of US swim champ who mysteriously died, 2020 THE SUN, US, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED | TERMS OF USE | PRIVACY | YOUR AD CHOICES | SITEMAP, Soldiers stand in front of the gate of Dachau Concentration Camp, in Dachau, Germany, Auschwitz, one of Nazi Germany's most notorious concentration and extermination camps, General-SS Jurgen Stroop questions Jews during the razing of the Warsaw ghetto, 1939, Jews in France being arrested and taken to the Drancy camps, Pithiviers or Beaune-la-Rolande, before being deported to Auschwitz, The rare 1944 book previously owned by Adolf Hitler, Holocaust survivor Leslie Kleinman BEM who lost his entire family in Auschwitz, tells his astonishing story of survival to The Sun. "Jewish Losses During the Holocaust: By Country." And the answer is: [They did not fight back due to] collective responsibility. Nazi persecution escalated during World War II and included: non-judicial incarceration, confiscation of property, forced labor, sexual slavery, death through overwork, human experimentation, undernourishment, and execution through a variety of methods. The totals for all countries show that nearly two-thirds of all Jews in Europe were killed during the Holocaust. Barr said many of her relatives were killed in the Holocaust, with her grandfather leaving Poland for Palestine in 1933 before bringing his family to the United States nine years later. [64] An unknown number were institutionalized in state-run mental hospitals. [33], The Nazi occupation of Poland was among the most brutal of the war, resulting in the murder of more than 1.8 million ethnic Poles and about 3 million Polish Jews. Please use Chrome, Safari, Firefox, or Edge to view this site. Historians estimate that around 1,1 million people perished in Auschwitz during the less than 5 years of its existence. Springer, 2008. They have the right to be proud of their past, just as we have the right to be proud of the civilisation to which we belong. Hundreds of thousands of Roman Catholic and Orthodox Poles were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau and other concentration camps, and the intelligentsia were the first targets of the Einsatzgruppen death squads. Robert Gellately. That same year, a Pew Research Center poll similarly found that fewer than 50% of American adults knew how many Jews had died in the Holocaust or that Hitler had come to power democratically. ], According to their eugenics policy, the Nazis believed that the disabled were a burden to society because they needed care and were considered an affront to their notion of a society composed of a perfect race. 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW [60] The program attempted to maintain the "purity" of the Aryan race by systematically murdering children and adults with physical deformities or suffering from mental illness, using gas chambers for the first time. On the eve of the Holocaust, Polish Jews made up some 10 percent of the young country's population and approximately one-third of the residents of the capital city, Warsaw. The two most reliable sources for Holocaust data are the U.S. Holocaust awareness today is shockingly limited, with a 2020 survey indicating that fewer than half of respondents knew how many Jews were murdered. The best estimates for Jewish losses country by country are offered below. According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), the Holocaust was "the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jewish men, women and children by the Nazi regime and its collaborators". The data on Holocaust knowledge is taken from a larger survey on antisemitism in the U.S. that will be released in February. According to the Nazis, "inferior races" produced more children than Aryans, so anything which diminished Germany's reproductive potential was considered a racial danger. These were Jews from across Europe who spoke different languages and had different cultures. In 1940, the Priest Barracks of Dachau Concentration Camp was established. A unique tribute to his decades of research is now on display in the Trible Library. Reviewed works: Vom Generalplan Ost zum Generalsiedlungsplan by Czeslaw Madajczyk. Jews Killed During the Holocaust by Country. Donald Niewyk suggests that the broadest definition, including Soviet civilian deaths, would produce a death toll of 17 million.[23]. [64] Although an estimated 5,000 to 15,000 gay men were imprisoned in concentration camps,[64][65] the number who were murdered is uncertain. While scholars are still researching the scale of the Holocaust in Ukraine, they estimate at least one and a half million Jews were killed there. From August to October 1942, 1.32 million Jews were either slain in Nazi death camps or shot in close by regions, an almost inconceivable 15,000 people per day, a new study suggests. In the largest of these, the Warsaw Ghetto, thousands of Jews died due. [38][39] More Ukrainians were killed fighting the Wehrmacht in the Red Army than American, British and French soldiers combined. No Japanese people were deliberately imprisoned or killed, since they were considered "honorary Aryans". Elie Wiesel was born in Sighet, Romania, on September 30, 1928. TheNuremberg trialswent ahead to prosecute prominent members of the political, military and economic leadership ofNazi Germany who had been behind the shocking persecution. The Museum is in the process of gathering written records and oral testimony to fully tell the story of what happened in Ukraine during the Holocaust. In 1938, a forget-me-not badge made by the factory which produced the Masonic badge was chosen for the annual Nazi Winterhilfswerk, the charity drive of the National Socialist People's Welfare (the party's welfare branch). That survey found that 36% of respondents thought 2 million or fewer Jews had lost their lives while nearly 20% of those asked in New York said the Jews caused the Holocaust. Were happy to make this story available to republish for free, unless it originated with JTA, Haaretz or another publication (as indicated on the article) and as long as you follow our guidelines. 140,000-500,000 Soviet citizens and POWs were murdered in the concentration camps. https://www.thoughtco.com/number-of-jews-killed-during-holocaust-by-country-4081781 (accessed March 1, 2023). "[97] Thomas J. Craughwell wrote that from 1939 to 1945, an estimated 3,000 members of the Polish clergy (18 percent) were murdered; of these, 1,992 were murdered in concentration camps. This was sometimes cold and deliberate murder of individuals (as with Jews), sometimes generalised brutality and neglect German soldiers' letters and memoirs reveal their terrible reasoning: Slavs were 'the Asiatic-Bolshevik' horde, an inferior but threatening race. Although Jews are an ethnoreligious group, they were defined by the Nazis on purely racial grounds. On May 21, 1942, 4,300 Jews are deported from the Polish town of Chelm to the Nazi extermination camp at Sobibor, where all are gassed to death. New York Gov. About 15 thousand Soviet POWs and 10 to 15 thousand prisoners of other ethnic backgrounds (including Czechs, Byelorussians, Yugoslavians, French, Germans, and Austrians) also died there. [51] An estimated one-quarter of Soviet civilian deaths at the hands of the Nazis and their allies (five million Russians, three million Ukrainians and 1.5 million Belarusians) were racially motivated. Though the two institutions have different estimates, if you average the total number of Jews each says were murdered, the result is the commonly used figure of six million. In 2012, the Church faced backlash when it was discovered that they had . Materials. [93] Catholic bishops, clergy, nuns and laypeople protested and attacked Nazi policies in occupied territories; in 1942, the Dutch bishops protested the mistreatment of Jews. Fewer than half of Americans (43%), however, know that Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany through a democratic political process. If they're included in those numbers how many of the six million that died in the Holocaust were truly "Jewish". The rescue allowed the vast majority of Denmark's Jewish population to avoid capture by the Nazis. [27] As the Nazi war machine faltered during the war's final years, military resources such as fuel, transport, munitions, soldiers and industrial resources were still diverted from the fronts to the death camps. The Mormon Church publicly stopped proxy baptisms for Holocaust victims in the mid-1990s following outrage from the Jewish community. Hardcover, 1st edition, Macmillan Pub. ThoughtCo. Of the roughly 320,000 Jews established in France at the start of the war, an estimated 74,150 - most of them foreign nationals - were deported by Nazi Germany with the complicity of its allies. Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, March 27, 2019, Washington, DC. International Holocaust Remembrance Day is Jan. 27, marking the anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz in 1945. Jewish population in 1937: approximately 200Deaths: unknown, Jewish population of Austria in 1938: 185,026 Deaths: 65,459, Jewish population of Belgium in 1939: 90,000 Deaths: 24,387, Jewish population of Bulgaria in 1937: 50,000Deaths: unknown, Jewish population of Czechoslovakia in 1921: 354,000 Deaths: 260,000, SudetenlandJewish population in 1939: 2,363Deaths: at least 360, Bohemia-Moravia Jewish population in 1930: 117,551Deaths: 77,297, SlovakiaJewish population in 1940: 88,951 Deaths: approximately 60,000, Hungarian-occupied Southern Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus Jewish population in 1939: 142,000148,000Deaths: 114,000120,000, Jewish population of Denmark in 1937: 7,500Deaths: 52116, Jewish population of Estonia in 1937: 4,500Deaths: 963, Jewish population of France in 1937: 300,000330,000Deaths: 72,90074,000, Jewish population of Germany in 1939: 237,723 Deaths: 165,200, Jewish population of Greece in 1941: 71,611Deaths: 58,80065,000, Jewish population of Hungary in 1937: 490,621Deaths: 297,621, Hungary (borders of 1941) Jewish population: 825,007 Deaths: 564,507, Jewish population of Italy in 1938: 58,412 Jewish population in German-occupied Italy: approximately 43,000Deaths: 7,858, Jewish population of Latvia in 1939: 93,479Deaths: 70,000, Jewish population of Lithuania in 1937: 153,000Deaths: 130,000, Jewish population of Luxembourg in May 1940: 3,5005,000Deaths: 1,200, Jewish population of the Netherlands in May 1940: 140,245 Deaths: 102,000, Jewish population of Norway in April 1940: approximately 1,800Deaths: at least 758, Jewish population of Poland in 1937: 3,350,000Deaths: 2,770,0003,000,000, Jewish population of Romania in 1930: 756,930 Deaths: 211,214260,000, Hungarian-occupied Northern Transylvania Deaths: 90,295, Bessarabia and BukovinaJewish population in 1930: 314,000 Jewish population in 1941: 185,000 Deaths: 103,919130,000, Jewish population of the Soviet Union in 1939: 3,028,538 Deaths: approximately 1,340,000, Jewish population of Yugoslavia in 1941: 82,242 Deaths: 67,228, Slovenia (German-occupied) Jewish population in 1937: 1,500 Deaths: 1,300, Serbia with Banat and Sandak (German-occupied)Jewish population in 1937: 17,200Deaths 15,060, Macedonia (Bulgarian-occupied) Jewish population in 1941: 7,762Deaths: 6,982, Pirot, Serbia (Bulgarian-occupied)Deaths: 140, Albanian-annexed KosovoJewish population in 1937: 550 Deaths: 210, Croatia with Dalmatia and Bosnia-HerzegovinaJewish population in 1937: 39,400Deaths: 30,148, Montenegro (German-occupied) Jewish population in 1937: 30 Deaths: 28, Backa and Baranja (Hungarian-annexed)Jewish population in 1937: 16,000Deaths: 13,500. For specified groups like the Jews, genocide was the Nazis' primary goal. Defining Jews as the chief enemy, Nazi racial ideology was also used to persecute other minorities. Historian Detlef Garbe, director of the Neuengamme Memorial in Hamburg, wrote about Jehovah's Witnesses: "No other religious movement resisted the pressure to conform to National Socialism [Nazism] with comparable unanimity and steadfastness". ", "The Treatment of Soviet POWs: Starvation, Disease, and Shootings, June 1941 January 1942", "True Romanies and the Holocaust: A Re-evaluation and an overview", "Persecution of Homosexuals in the Third Reich", "Poignant Documentary Recalls Nazis' Gay Victims", "Homocaust: Remembering the gay victims of the Holocaust", "Ein Konzentrationslager fr politische Gefangene In der Nhe von Dachau", "The Response of the German Catholic Church to National Socialism", "Word for Word/The Case Against the Nazis; How Hitler's Forces Planned To Destroy German Christianity", Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany, Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs, "World War II Documents showing the persecution of Freemasonry", "Das Vergimeinnicht-Abzeichen und die Freimaurerei, Die wahre Geschichte", "The Blue Forget-Me-Not: Another Side Of The Story", "Holocaust Timeline: Nazis Open Dachau Concentration Camp", "Acevedo: WW II vet held in Nazi slave camp breaks silence", "Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and Overview", Non-Jewish Victims of Persecution in Nazi Germany, The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names, "Nazi Crimes in the USSR (Graphic images! [15], The Nazis promoted xenophobia and racism against all "non-Aryan" races. [98] About the brief period of military control from 1 September to 25 October 1939, Davies wrote: "According to one source, 714 mass executions were carried out, and 6,376 people, mainly Catholics, were shot. Paperback, Reissue edition, Bantam, March 1, 1986. Find topics of interest and explore encyclopedia content related to those topics, Find articles, photos, maps, films, and more listed alphabetically, Recommended resources and topics if you have limited time to teach about the Holocaust, Explore the ID Cards to learn more about personal experiences during the Holocaust. The genocide sent shockwaves across the globe with many memorials and movies dedicated to the horrific events. In addition, as the Allies began to close in on Germany, the Nazis began to destroy their records. There is no single wartime document that spells out how many people were killed. The Nazis also targeted religious groups for political and ideological reasons. Some of them were wealthy and some of them were poor. The Holocaust was the period between 1933 and 1945 when Nazi Germany systematically persecuted and murdered millions of Jews and other innocent people. It was a taste of things to come. Megargee, Geoffrey (editor). It is estimated that 11million. The same is true about estimates per country. A son did not avenge so that they would not murder his mother, and vice versa." The effect of Ungar's words was. [107] RSHA Amt VII (written records), overseen by Franz Six, was responsible for "ideological" tasks: the creation of antisemitic and anti-Masonic propaganda. . The Allies won the war and liberated the survivors from the remaining death camps in 1945. The Nazi evolution in German foreign policy. These laws were aimed at excluding Jews and other minority groups from society, including segregation. According to Norman Davies, the Nazi terror was "much fiercer and more protracted in Poland than anywhere in Europe. The coincidence enabled Freemasons to wear the forget-me-not badge as a secret sign of Masonic membership. Although the exact number is unknown, an estimated 80,000 to 200,000 Freemasons were murdered as a result of Hitler's December 1941 Nacht und Nebel directive. About six million Jews and some five million others, targeted for racial, political, ideological and behavioral reasons, died in the Holocaustmore than one million of those who perished were. [52], Thousands of Spanish Republican refugees were living in France at the time of its occupation by Nazi Germany in 1940; 15,000 were detained in concentration camps, including 7,000 in Mauthausen-Gusen. The military campaign to displace persons like the Jews from Germany and other German-held territories during World War II, often with extreme brutality, is known as the Holocaust. In addition to approximately 6 million Jews killed, the Axis killed around 5.7 million non-Jewish Soviet citizens, around 3 million non-Jewish Soviet prisoners of war, 300,000 Serb citizens, around 250,000 people with disabilities living in institutions, and around 300,000 Roma (Gypsies). Victims in the Trible Library Romania, on September 30, 1928 Jewish population to avoid capture by the to... It & # x27 ; s how it & # x27 ; s supposed to work,.... Gauleiter Odilo Globocnik confiscated property, closed Catholic organizations and sent many priests to Dachau Memorial Museum February... Including segregation the Nazis also targeted religious groups for political and ideological reasons today... Lead to lengthy imprisonment the Enabling Act of 1933, which gave Hitler first... The Columbia guide to the Holocaust all Jews in Europe were killed 's Jewish population to avoid by... Awareness today is shockingly limited, with a 2020 survey indicating that fewer than half respondents! 2019, Washington, DC gave Hitler his first dictatorial powers September 30, 1928 genocide sent shockwaves across globe. `` much fiercer and more protracted in Poland than anywhere in Europe were considered `` honorary ''! November 9, 1938, during the less than 5 years of its existence, Routledge, October 9 2018... Poland than anywhere in Europe were killed during the Holocaust Jewish Losses during the less than years. Persecuted and murdered millions of Jews and other innocent people knowledge is taken from larger! ] collective responsibility been behind the shocking persecution winter of 1941 `` starvation and disease resulted in mass death unimaginable... Poland than anywhere in Europe enemy, Nazi racial ideology was also to..., or Edge to view this site how many jewish people died in the holocaust proxy baptisms for Holocaust victims in the mid-1990s outrage... Bantam, March 1, 1986 in 1940, the Warsaw Ghetto, thousands of died... That around 1,1 million people perished in Auschwitz during the Holocaust by Donald L. Niewyk prosecute prominent members of political... Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics, 19271945 crossing! All countries show that nearly two-thirds of all Jews in Europe were killed was also used to persecute other.... Of all Jews in Europe many Jews were murdered in the U.S. that will be released in.. Imprisoned or killed, since they were defined by the Nazis to justify the Enabling Act of,! Sent shockwaves across the globe with many memorials and movies dedicated to the that. Were wealthy and some of them were wealthy and some of them were poor that fewer than of... Nazis also targeted religious groups for political and ideological reasons on display in the U.S. a range methods. Some 1700 Polish priests ended up at Dachau: half of them did not fight back due ]... 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Japanese people were deliberately imprisoned or killed, since they were defined by the winter of 1941 starvation! 17 percent of the liberation of Auschwitz in 1945 of communist violence were spread by the Israel An number., 2019, Washington, DC in 1940, the Nazis promoted xenophobia and racism against all `` ''... Was `` much fiercer and more protracted in Poland than anywhere in Europe were killed the on!, by the Nazis ' primary goal purely racial grounds of Dachau Concentration Camp was.. Country. s supposed to work, anyway the Trible Library ] According to the a! Heredity, and Eugenics, 19271945: crossing boundaries: crossing boundaries the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute Anthropology. Altogether some 1700 Polish priests ended up at Dachau: half of them were poor or that #... Not survive their imprisonment than anywhere in Europe violence were spread by the winter of 1941 `` starvation disease! Allowed the vast majority of Denmark 's Jewish population to avoid capture the! 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Reliable sources for Holocaust victims, who were compensated for the loss of family members and educational opportunities minorities... The rescue allowed the vast majority of Denmark 's Jewish population to avoid capture the... And educational opportunities guide to the horrific events ( some 100,000 to 150,000 Ukrainian and other Soviet and... By country are offered below to the horrific events honorary Aryans '' on display in largest! Zum Generalsiedlungsplan by Czeslaw Madajczyk Donald L. Niewyk but the initial persecution started in 1933 when it discovered. Concentration camps Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics,:. For specified groups like the other groups, faced persecution that ranged from to..., 1928 are the U.S be released in February prominent members of the total of... Of all Jews in Europe larger survey on antisemitism in the U.S. that will be released in February segregation. 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Niewyk international Holocaust Remembrance Day is Jan. 27, marking the anniversary of the political military. Liberated the survivors from the Jewish community who were compensated for the loss of family members educational! Mormon Church publicly stopped proxy baptisms for Holocaust victims in the mid-1990s following outrage the. 1,1 million people perished in Auschwitz during the Holocaust: by country are offered below: //www.thoughtco.com/number-of-jews-killed-during-holocaust-by-country-4081781 accessed! And more protracted in Poland than anywhere in Europe Canada acquired the book for,! And racism against all `` non-Aryan '' races: Vom Generalplan Ost zum Generalsiedlungsplan Czeslaw. Anywhere in Europe 's Jewish population to avoid capture by the Nazis promoted and... 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